C = Colon (ascending and descending parts).
D = Duodenum (except the proximal 2cm, the duodenal cap). Examples of secondarily retroperitoneal organs include the ascending and descending colon.Ī useful mnemonic to help in recalling which abdominal viscera are retroperitoneal is SAD PUCKER: .jpg "3d katie pain anal")
Thus, in adults, only their anterior surface is covered with peritoneum. Through the course of embryogenesis, they became retroperitoneal as their mesentery fused with the posterior abdominal wall.
Secondarily retroperitoneal organs were initially intraperitoneal, suspended by mesentery. The oesophagus, rectum and kidneys are all primarily retroperitoneal. Primarily retroperitoneal organs developed and remain outside of the parietal peritoneum. They can be further subdivided into two groups based on their embryological development: Retroperitoneal organs are not associated with visceral peritoneum they are only covered in parietal peritoneum, and that peritoneum only covers their anterior surface. Examples include the stomach, liver and spleen. Intraperitoneal organs are enveloped by visceral peritoneum, which covers the organ both anteriorly and posteriorly. There are two main groups: intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal organs. The abdominal viscera can be divided anatomically by their relationship to the peritoneum. Pain from the visceral peritoneum is referred to areas of skin ( dermatomes) which are supplied by the same sensory ganglia and spinal cord segments as the nerve fibres innervating the viscera. Unlike the parietal peritoneum, pain from the visceral peritoneum is poorly localised and the visceral peritoneum is only sensitive to stretch and chemical irritation. The visceral peritoneum has the same autonomic nerve supply as the viscera it covers. It is derived from splanchnic mesoderm in the embryo. The visceral peritoneum invaginates to cover the majority of the abdominal viscera. It receives the same somatic nerve supply as the region of the abdominal wall that it lines therefore, pain from the parietal peritoneum is well localised. Parietal peritoneum is sensitive to pressure, pain, laceration and temperature. 
It is derived from somatic mesoderm in the embryo. The parietal peritoneum lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall. Both types are made up of simple squamous epithelial cells called mesothelium. The peritoneum consists of two layers that are continuous with each other: the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.
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